Culture and Disease Essay

Culture is a pattern of behavior and thinking learned, shaped and shared by Europeans and Americans. It is their growing and developing bank of knowledge, experiences, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, material objects and possessions gained through generations of individual group work (Williams 1976). Any discomfort, dysfunction, distress, social problems, and alterations of behavior for Europeans and Americans are considered a disease. It is a change that disrupts the normal function of the body. It is initially believed to be caused by curses, evil spirits, or night vapors. However, in the mid-19th century the discoveries and findings of scientific works by Louis Pasteur and Koch concluded microorganisms or germs are the pathogens of infectious diseases which usually gain entrance into the body. These are microorganisms that are able to infect a host and produce a disease (Miller 2003). Subsequent studies and researches improved the concepts of healthcare. In the 21st century, Western Science of Medicine means accuracy. It is the name of the trend. Its subject the human body is likened to an outstandingly complex machine that can be figured out, customized, renovated, and its health defined and described in strictly clinical terms. Medical experts called Physicians can identify and eliminate disease-causing or etiologic organisms that originate outside the body, Surgeons evolved to be incomparable experts in dealing with acute trauma and distress, and epidemiologist uncovers the factors that determine the frequency, distribution, and determinants of diseases in human populations. These factors include the characteristics of the pathogen, the susceptibility of human population resulting from overcrowding, lack of immunization, nutritional status, inadequate sanitation procedures, locations or reservoirs where pathogens lie in wait, and the various means by which infectious disease is transmitted. Ironically, resurgence of infectious disease such as tuberculosis occurred brought about by the emergence of another infectious disease HIV/AIDS (Burton 2004). The existence of epidemic and communicable diseases in specific areas were found to follow geographic patterns. Diseases like Poliomyelitis caused by over population infected Brazilian children population, and it also infected older age Scandinavian and Americans; cholera, yellow fever and dengue infected Indians in India as a result of poor sanitation; Plague brought about by rodents are cases in the Western United States of America, and in China, it is carried by rodents and fleas infecting Chinese. These findings were important concepts for public awareness to guide travelers and servicemen (Duffy 1953). Body Tuberculosis is a chronic mycobacterial infection of the lower respiratory tract characterized by fever, night sweats, weight loss, productive cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, coughing up blood and hoarseness. It may infect lymph nodes causing systemic disease like kidney disease, urinary bladder disease and bone disease (Burton 2004). The dynamics of infection follows the following pattern: Sources of Infection > Modes of entry > Mechanism of disease > Pattern of infection > Portals of exit. Mycobacterium tuberculosis a slow-growing, acid-fast, Gram-variable bacillus is an aerobic bacillus species capable of reproducing within 16-20 hours. It is the etiologic agent of the disease called tuberculosis (Burton 2004). Mycobacterium tuberculosis developed resistance to treatment drugs. It is the second leading killer of adults in the world, with more than 2 million TB-related deaths each year (Burton 2004). Ironically, one of the endemic diseases in the United States of America is this bacterial disease called tuberculosis. In 2004 Centers for Disease and Controls, Atlanta, GA reported 14, 517 tuberculosis cases. The resurgence of tuberculosis in the United States of America in the 1980’s through 1990’s primarily resulted from the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the multi-drug resistant strains of M. tuberculosis (Burton 2004). Identification and recognition of the characteristics of the pathogen, the susceptibility of human population resulting from overcrowding, lack of immunization, nutritional status, inadequate sanitation procedures, locations or reservoirs, emigration and migration of men and animals, and stress makes people immunosuppressed resulting to infection, considering that pathogens may come primarily from infected humans, sometimes from primates, cattle and other infected mammals (Burton 2004) . There are various sources from which tuberculosis can be acquired and transmitted. It may be via airborne droplets produced by the infected organism during coughing, sneezing, even singing and prolonged direct contact with infected individuals ((Burton 2004). Prevention, Precautions, Sterilization, disinfection and Patient care would all involve airborne precautions (Burton 2004). In Clinical practice, disinfection and sterilization as well as laboratory procedures were employed being a necessity. Their scientific basis has been developed only during the past century. These important procedures are: Sterilization which is the destruction or complete removal by filtration of all forms of microorganisms including their spores; Disinfection is the destruction of many microorganisms but not usually bacterial spores; Antisepsis, is the destruction or inhibition of microorganisms in living tissues thereby limiting or preventing the harmful effect of infection; Static agent would inhibit the growth of bacteriostatic microorganisms; Bactericidal agent would kill the microorganisms; Sterilizers are chemicals which under controlled conditions kill spore-forming bacteria. These agents which perform the above functions were divided into physical agents and chemical agents. With these mechanisms, Epidemiologist and Social psychologist in the United States of America helped contribute to the study of health and to the interventions to improve people’s well-being and quality of life by promoting health and preventing illnesses. They identify psychological factors that might influence illness, and identify improved ways in which health care is delivered. This is also a form of proposition for the improvement of the health of the population by promoting healthy choices and preventing people from becoming ill. Psychologists are persuasive by appealing to fear for the negative health consequences, subsequently encouraging American families, peer and schooling young adolescents to change their health behaviors by redirecting their behavioral intentions. This is in line with the concept that the actions taken by people to safeguard their health are influenced by factors such as general health values, perceived susceptibility to illness, perceptions of illness severity, expectations of treatment success, self-efficacy, perceived barriers and benefits, and cues to action. Healthy habits that are currently recommended are vigorous regular exercise, quitting smoking, limiting alcohol intake, eating healthy foods, and getting enough sleep. Even so, considering the increased cultural mixing Of the United States of America, programs or lessons in scholastic trainings are incorporated as designed to increase intercultural communications as cultural patterns affect how people make sense of the many aspects of health care: the meanings that people give to health and illness, the causes of diseases, the means to prevent illnesses, appropriate cures, and the types of individuals most qualified to provide care and attempt to cure. In this context, magico-religious approach, holistic approach and biomedical approach are not set aside, but, the healthcare system of the United States of America is typically focused on the individual patient as the source of the medical problem in need of a cure. This is rather the biomedical approach adopted to address the issues of illness and wellness. It considers people health regardless of culture to be driven by biochemical forces. Wellness is achieved by understanding that the biochemical reaction is activated. Illness happens when a part of the normal human body metabolic activities is altered. Treatments are provided by Medical health practitioners like Doctors and Nurses, thus bringing back the normal course of bodily metabolic activities supportive of good health (Lustig 1996). In 1953 Dr. Louis H. Bauer of New York, USA as a secretary General of the World Medical Health Association outlined the major task to address medical care need from their time on, such as: 1) Rural community work to establish facilities and to encourage physicians participation; 2) provide medical care all depressed areas : 3) Extend public health coverage to depressed areas; 4) Evolve strategies to address care needs people with inborn disorders; 5) Provide insurance programs to people specially senior citizens and the disabled; 6) Eradicate graft and corruption in the Medical practice; 7) General public protection for regular Medical services; 8) Renew medical societies; and 9) Medical Health ethics education for the Medical Health practitioners (Perkins 1993). Conclusion With the advent of post-industrial age marked by the ubiquitous appearance and usages of television and the computer, supposedly a reliable indicator, most Americans should be healthy and wealthy. Being so, it could be enough to affect longevity positively, primarily through lifestyle choices, rather than lack of food or shelter and diseases (Lustig 1996). However, Studies revealed that even the introduction of Medicare in the United States, bringing the poor substantially at par with the rich in terms of health care and medical services did not eliminate or even markedly reduced the large differential mortality. In contrast, life expectancy in Japan is far above all the rest of the countries in the world. The life expectancy for males is 78 years while the life expectancy for females is 85 years, in spite of half the level of spending for healthcare than that of the United States of America amounting to around $2,000 per person, 7. 4 percent of GDP (Powell 1990). The technology used in the Japanese health care system is similar to that used in the United States of America, but, the flow of funds, the quantity and intensity of use is considerably different (Powell 1990). In Japan, all citizens are free to choose any physician and hospital. Physicians may be General Private Practitioner providing primary and secondary care, while Specialist works in hospitals. Hospitals may be large and public university hospitals with medical school, research facilities, and outpatient department for primary care while small time private practitioners have small facilities and less sophisticated treatments (Powell 1990). Knowing that tuberculosis is transmitted via airborne droplets produced by the infected organism during coughing, sneezing, even singing and prolonged direct contact with infected individuals, preventions and precautions are better than an ounce of medicine after infection. Reference Burton, G. and Engelkirk, P. (2004). Microbiology for Health Sciences. USA: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Lustig, M. and Koester, J. (1996). Intercultural Competence. 6th ed. USA: HarperCollins. Powell, M. and Anesaki, M. (1990). Health Care in Japan. New York: Routledge. Duffy, John. (1953). Epidemics in Colonial America. Perkins, James E. (1952). You and Tuberculosis.

Public Libraries: The Way To Human Understanding Essay

A Discussion on the Process of Human Intelligence and Its Progress Knowledge is one primary reason why the human society continues to advance in terms of understanding and comprehension of advancement. This is the reason why governments around the world are already aiming to increase their competencies in terms of educational progress among their human population. It is innate among humans to be fascinated by the different things that they particularly see around them. It could not be denied then that through the years, this particular fascination within the different elements that could be seen in the human environment actually developed into the many discoveries and inventions that humans produced.   Through passing civilization of humans, it could be observed that the people were never contented with what they already have or what they have already accomplished. This is especially true in terms of science and technology as well as in arts and literature. It is indeed undeniable that people recreate the things that are already existent within their own society.   The fact that they have already been able to see what they could do regarding a certain type of field, they intend to even do better the net time that they deal with the same invention. Yes, humans never get tired of reinventing everything there is in the environment. Why is this so? Human intelligence has always been noted by philosophers as the primary factor that makes the human creation different from that of the other God-made creations. The humans’ ability to innovate their own achievements to even better results for the present generation to see, has particularly noted them to be those who are capable of reinventing themselves to be able to evolve from generations to generations. To discuss this particular fact further, take an example of the human literature. It is overwhelming enough to see that the society today is already flooded by the informations that are presented to humans through the printed pages of literature. More than that, the emergence of internet technology has paved the way even for amateur writers to make mention of their thoughts to the world for them to be appreciated and particularly affect other’s opinions as well. Literature before was primarily defined as an art of writing that follows certain rules that are strict enough to keep its standards within the classical range of reading. However, when the different generations along with the historical events covered the human generation’s development, the art of literature became one of the major process by which humans intended to express their thoughts and their predicaments about the things that are going on in the world. As a result, more and more people joined the bandwagon of writing and began to share their thoughts to the world with regards the issues that primarily concern the human society today. This particular progress in literature has primarily been further fueled by the democratic arrangement of the major governments around the world, giving a chance for the freedom of human expression. It is through this that people became more aware of the world around them, they cared more than ever with the political agendas, the social issues as well as other informations that concern their interests. True, the changing situation in the society and the demand towards progress requires that human intelligence be perfected in a way that it particularly caters to the needs of the entire humanity. The human brain’s ability to store and restructure informations that were accepted by it through the years of an individual’s life is particularly a proof that the application of humans’ intelligence could still be perfected as generations are still to come along. Public libraries are continuously assisting in the process of actually making it possible for humans to make considerable progress in terms of knowing what is present within the society that they are living in. Both young and poor are likely to have better chances of understanding the society through the existence of public libraries. Funding for these types of public institutions serve as primary investments on the part of the   different governments around the world as they are certainly to make great impact to the people, educating them with the knowledge that they ought to understand and apply in further practical actuality in the society for the sake of progress.   References: Robert J. Sternberg. (1989). Handbook of Human Intelligence. Cambridge University Press.

Content Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Content Marketing - Essay Example There is no doubt the University Co-op acknowledges that it would not exist without the populaces that form its clientele base. In the spirit of mutual benefit, the organization has incessantly provided support ranging from $20 to $1,000,000 to students, faculty and the staff of the University of Texas in Austin as well as other community-based development projects (The University Co-op, 2013). It is indeed a venerable venture, the mother of hearty givers. Co-op GOES is one of the programs that the organization has supported for the past eight years. In the spirit of giving, the institution has continued supporting Global Opportunities in Education Scholarships. It has donated a total of $1,400,000 to Provost’s offices to sponsor hundreds of students to study abroad (The University Co-op, 2013). Many needy students with high academic capabilities have had the chance to realize their dreams through the organization’s culture of giving. Further, the organization gives students opportunities for capacity building by funding student organizations. Since 2002, the institution has devoted up to $1,566,291 to fund registered student organizations in the University of Texas, Austin (The University Co-op, 2013). Venerability of the University Co-op further exhibits itself in its continued support for UT Athletic Department Endeavors. For as long as institutions need to subsist, there is great need to sustain operations of University Co-op for the efforts it places in enhancing athletics and sports for both men and women. As it realizes the significance of sporting in individual development and has donated $1,165,000 towards sporting activities since 2002. The organization supports the Longhorn foundation, Athletics Academic Awards and Women’s Hall of Honor (The University Co-op, 2013). Additionally, the University Co-op gives opportunities to parents and their children to explore education and career chances in its locality

New Testament Literature Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

New Testament Literature - Research Paper Example The third major chapter covers chapters 5 and 7 which present about Sermon on the Mount. The fourth major chapter is about Public Ministry and Teaching which covers specifically chapter 8 until chapter 16 verse 12. The fifth major chapter talks about Recognition and confession which starts specifically from chapter 16 verse 13 until verse 23 of the same chapter. The sixth major chapter involves the writings about Cost of Discipleship and Road to Jerusalem starting from the verse 24 of chapter 16 until chapter 20 verse 34. The seventh major chapter is about Jesus in Jerusalem which specifically consists chapter 21 until chapter 25. Finally, the eight major chapter is about Passion Narrative starting from chapter 26 to chapter 28. As can be observed, the book of Matthew introduces the preaching of John the baptizer, Jesus’ public ministry and the account of Jesus’ life and his works signifying his importance as the main subject in the book (Efird 1980, 50). The major theme of the book therefore is about the fulfillment of prophecy about the Messiah. Its justification is based on the account of John the baptizer and the actual teaching and works of Jesus. In Matthew 3: 11, John the baptizer prophesized about the coming of Jesus. In Matthew 11: 2-4, Jesus boldly informed John the baptizer about the signs made such as the blind receiving sight, the lame were able to walk, those who have leprosy were cured, the deaf were able to hear, the dead were raised and the good news were preached to the poor. John the baptizer is significantly cited in the book of Matthew as the one preparing the way for Jesus. In this way, message can be given to the people that Jesus is coming. However, John the baptizer can only be certain of the coming of the Messiah through the signs God gave him. Thus, Jesus was actually doing those signs allowing John the baptizer to hear them. This fulfillment of the prophecy is the main message that the book of Matthew is trying to

The Making of Company Name Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Making of Company Name - Assignment Example Since Waxing Company wants to expand its business to European and American markets, it should adopt a name that fits the general market and the target customers. Some of the names that the company can adopt for its new markets are as proposed below. The name Five Star Electros can be an ideal name that Wuxing Company can decide to adopt since it contains the aspect of originality. Adopting this name will enable the potential customers to link the company directly to its parent company in China. In addition, the name Five Star Electros shows originality and business superiority in the automobile industry and thus will generate the notion that the company’s products are of high quality. Moreover, this name is generally acceptable globally, simple and very easy to recall and thus both the European an American customers will be able to relate to it. Equally important, the name Roadster Technologies will be a perfect fit for Wuxing Company. This name has numerous advantages that ca n enable Wuxing to penetrate the new market. Apart from being a unique name, it can attract the attention of the potential customers since the term Roadster creates a â€Å"superior† image on the minds of the customer. Furthermore, the term Technology will identify the manufactured products as being effective, efficient, and durable and of very high quality. To repeat, this name will fit the company’s objective to describe its products as high quality, original, of innovative design and lifestyle among other features. Imagine walking across a busy street and then all of a sudden you notice that you have seen a company premise that has been labeled Deluxe Auto Dikes. Chances are that if you are a motorbike â€Å"lover,† you will turn back and look again. This is so because the name Deluxe is generally attractive and thus this name will capture the attention of the customers in the new market.

Organizational structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organizational structure - Essay Example Therefore, organizational structure is beneficial to organizations because it guides the delegation of organizational power, roles and responsibilities. In addition, it monitors and controls the flow of information among different management levels within an organization (Cassia, Paleari & Redondi, 2005). Most organizations base structures on objectives and approaches for attaining them. For example, the top management individuals in an organization make decisions, and there is strict control within dissimilar departments in an organization. Finally, organizations should create appropriate organizational structures, since such models unite and direct employees (Cassia, Paleari & Redondi, 2005). â€Å"Describe the organizational structure of your selected organization, compare and contrast that structure with two different organizational structures† In this research, I will discuss the organizational structure of International Monetary Fund (IMF) organization. IMF is an inter-g overnmental entity that offers policy advices and finances to members facing economic problems. It also collaborates with upcoming nations to assist them attain macroeconomic benefits to lessen poverty levels. IMF activities initiated in 1945 and presently, it associates with 185 countries. The organizational structure of IMF has a governing body that consists of the Board of Governors. Every member state has a Board of Governors that is led by a governor, who most of the time is a country’s finance minister or the central bank. Additionally, the organization has an executive facet that is composed of 24 elected and appointed executive directors. The executive board performs business operations in the organization (Hawkin, 2006). The board of governors performs its duties through two committees, which include the â€Å"International Monetary and Financial Committee† together with the â€Å"Development Committee†. These committees specialize in advising staffs an d reporting different functions to the board of governors (Hawkin, 2006). They also monitor the processes involved in the administration and adaption of international monetary and fiscal systems. The organization entails a collaborative committee with The Board of Governor members’ from World Bank and IMF who controls development processes. These include allotment of resources to upcoming countries. Importantly, the IMF has a managing director who supervises and chairs the executive board (Hawkin, 2006). The IMF Board of Governors has all organizational powers, which are applicable to all constituents in 185 countries. Each representative state has one principle governor and another alternative governor, who controls the organization when the principle governor is absent. The organization has an executive board with 24 directors who supervise general funds within IMF as delegated by the Board of Governors. The regions with leading quotas appoint five directors of the executiv e board and other regional groups appoint the remaining 19 directors. The chief administrator the IMF is the presiding officer of Executive board. The executive board of IMF elects the managing director whose responsibility is to carry out regular businesses within the organization. Furthermore, she chairs executive director’s meetings for 5 years. The IMF consists of 2,650 personnel in 185 countries (Hawkin, 2006). Initially, I will evaluate and contrast the organizational structure of IMF and Google

Business across the globe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business across the globe - Essay Example Thus, advertisements through myriad media have become critical factors for creating awareness about the products. In the current times, the firms are using innovative approach to advertise their merchandize as it provides them with greater leverage to reach larger customer segment. While sponsorship of events have become hugely attractive, other media channels, especially unconventional mode of publicity like use of public transport, street plays etc are being used on a regular basis by the firms. The exemplary example of British Airways is a case in point which has used underground tubes and local trains. The soft music that plays in the trains and underground tubes is sponsored by the British Airways. In America, the train tickets and bus tickets are used by different companies as advertisement platform. These types of new channels are not only cost effective but they are also able to create awareness about the company and its products across huge database of prospective customers. The wide scope of alternative media has therefore, huge potential to penetrate and create a credible and long term market position for the goods and services of the firms.

Communication Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Communication Technology - Essay Example The meaning of the word â€Å"communication† is at once both clear and obscure. It is clear enough in conventional usage, but obscure when we seek to determine the limits of its application. To illustrate, if someone talks to another and common understanding results (indicated by mutually satisfactory action), we have no qualms about saying that communication has occurred. If, however, misunderstanding results (indicated by mutually unsatisfactory action), we are uncertain whether we should say that there has been poor, or no, communication. (David, Kenneth,1970:15). Definitions of â€Å"communication† fall into two broad categories. In one category are those definitions which limit the process of communication to those stimulus-response situations in which one deliberately transmits stimuli to evoke a response. In the other category are those definitions that include within the area of communication stimulus-response situations in which there need not be any intention of evoking a response in the transmission of the stimuli. The second category obviously overlaps the first. (David, Kenneth,1970:16) Mathematical Model of Communication: Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver published a model; the model uses boxes and arrows to represent the communication process. However, the model is a little bit complex. Box-and-arrow models of communication: This model breaks the communication stream into components i.e. sender, message, and receiver and the direction of influence. In the diagram below arrows go from left to right, that is, from a sender to a receiver, the idea is that it is the sender who, through messages or speeches, brings about communication influences on the receiver. Group Communication Model: This model emphasizes communication within an organization i.e. the flow of messages between two individuals or within a group of people.

Madam C. J. Walker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Madam C. J. Walker - Essay Example Walker. To the woman of today, the story of Madam’s (as she was called in her hey days) offers thrilling examples of how hard a black woman would have to struggle in a society prone to racial discrimination. What started out as her journey to build a career in entrepreneurship, Madam’s hair care and hair culture products business led her to become an icon in the world of slavery and discrimination that the blacks suffered in those days. Madam was always known to stay put at what she wanted. And it is from this basic nature that she found all the prosperity and success that marked her career and life. In the present article we analyze a few important lessons that every reader can take back from her life. As is well known, her life has been marked with incidents of historical importance for the American black community, and we try to study as many of them as we can. Born into a slave family, Sarah Breedlove held in her personality all the toughness that is characteristic to the African community, and this trait stayed with her till the end of her life. Not much is known to her family as to what happened in her early days. She is known to have been married at the age of fourteen and widowed at the age of twenty, with a child to earn her living for. She fended for her family by working as a washerwoman and around this point in time, she realized she was losing hair a little too much. She discovered a formula to stop the hair fall and grow back the lost tresses. In what she has herself called a magical dream, Madam discovered the formula all by herself, prepared the potion, applied it to the hair, and obtained excellent results. Without the toughness of her personality, no woman would have had the courage to develop a hair care product when she was toiling in the midst of poverty. Conviction they say can help the dying survive death. Madam’ s

Consumer buyer behavior about ego-expressive way in the decision Case Study

Consumer buyer behavior about ego-expressive way in the decision making of rolex costumer - Case Study Example The owners of the Rolex Watch product rely on their understanding of the consumer behavior extensively as many other successful businesses. The consumers of the watch as a product are diverse and they present various factors that lead them towards purchasing the product readily. The Rolex Watch brand is the leading and most expensive Watch in the market currently. There are several types of the Watch. Moreover, Rolex manufactures watches designated for each of the genders, ages and uses. These are essential factors of consideration in the pricing aspect of the product. For instance, according to information gathered through the interactions with the Rolex professionals, the female gender used to constitute a large share of their customers. However, with the current developments in the market, the company is also manufacturing watches for men in large volumes, meaning that the male population is also a considerable consumer volume of the watches. The aspects of use, it depends on the reasons why the consumer purchases the watch. The latest development in the company is the establishment of the Rolex diving watch. Thus, with such watches, resistant to water, offering quality and accurate time measurement initiates the desire in the consumers to own a watch. The larger base of the consumer of the Rolex Watch includes the rich people, collectors of antiques and retail business people. The aspect that the Rolex Watch has a high pricing means that the consumers with low income are unable to afford the product. In manufacturing the product, Rolex focus on people with an interest in brand and aesthetic value of products. The watch established itself as a virtually dominant brand in the market, due to its association with class and high social status. The watch enjoys an ego-expressive status in its customers, as they seek the product for various reasons, all related

Paper on Drugs Essay Example for Free

Paper on Drugs Essay Drugs are chemical substances that alter behaviour, mood, perception, or mental functioning. The general perception by most people is that a drug is a bad substance and should not be used. This is true; but drugs are still used by millions of people. Many governments use millions of money in countering the growth, processing and distribution of drugs. However this seems to be a losing battle. For us to be able to control how drugs are used in society the best thing is to legalize drugs and by doing this we shall eliminate dangers arising from use of drugs and drugs trade, hence making our society much better than better than it is today. Many people argue that drugs bring about insecurity and slowing down development in society since the youth are hooked to drug’s use and marketing which is an easy way to make money. Hence they end up not going to school. This is true; the reason behind this is because drug dealing in a society where drugs are criminalised is an easy way to make a lot of money since people are paid to do it since its risky. Hence young people among the poor find selling drugs an easy way to earn their living and escape the more demanding path of working in an honest job. This causes a bad effect on the societies in poor neighbourhoods, who turn to drug dealing instead of advancing their rank in the honest world. Making drugs legal will kill this easy way out, and force the young people of the poor to struggle and gain education so as to have an honest living and gradually advance their personal and collective financial status. Legalization of drugs would mean that they will be taxed like other commodities in the market hence they would contribute to economy development. Tax collected would contribute in society development instead of only profiting only a few people in our society. The state of Georgia in the United States of America has the highest tax on liquor than any state. It has the lowest tax on gasoline, which is good especially now that gas and fuel prices are at the highest price worldwide. If drugs were legal, government would exercise this excise tax on drugs. More to this they would save on money used in prohibition. This would make more money to help us sort the problems in our country, even settle our national depts. Since drugs are illegal, they are being marketed by outlaws, who charge an inflated price for them. Much more inflated that the amount it requires to grow, manufacture and distribute them. As a result, there are increased cartels involved in drugs marketing and distribution. Eventually the end user has to commit crimes such a theft and robbery so as to get enough money to satisfy his needs, which is buying drugs at very highly inflated prices. there is a growing black market for the distribution of drugs and drug users eventually need to commit crimes like theft and robbery to support their habits. According to Thorton, M â€Å"The average crime rate in the U.S increased twice due to the prohibition on Alcohol. Once the prohibition was lifted, it decreased back to its original state.† Hence it’s expected that drug legalisation will cause a similar decrease in crimes. Parents say that if drugs are legalized, there will be more use of drugs by the youth especially in schools than before. I beg to differ and would like them to know that the motive behind Legalizing recreational drugs is not making drugs accessible to all people. The drugs that are legal today such as alcohol and tobacco aren’t available to just everyone; they are regulated. Only a certain group of people are allowed to buy and consume them. Drugs today are sold anywhere including schools since the drug trade is unregulated. By legalizing drugs trade organisations will be made and they will come up with regulations which will stop selling of drugs to underage persons in society hence drugs distribution and selling will be controlled. This is the best way out since, when do you hear of people in schools selling beer or cigarettes? In conclusion, the prohibition of recreational drugs is not necessary. The war on drugs is lost, and that is agreed on by people (William F. Buckley, editor of â€Å"The National Review) .The money saved and made could be used and be used in crucial sectors of our economy and even help in improving our society, such as settling the internally displaced people and settling our national depts. The crime rate will drop drastically and drug cartels will be devastated. Overcrowding in Prisons will decrease hence the government won’t have to release guilty people and drugs will be less accessible to underage persons. All these will lead to a better society: security, sound economy, good environment for living and children growth hence a better meaning to life. Bibliography anomymous. ( 2005, January 13 ). Retrieved march 18, 2012, from bbc news: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/if/4095317.stm Blodget, H. (2010, October 6). Retrieved March 18, 2012, from The business insider: http://articles.businessinsider.com/2010-10-06/news/30087487_1_drug-legalization-miron-says-addicts Buckley, W. F. (2010, MAY 13). Retrieved MARCH 8, 2012 Cable, S. ( 2010 , July 7 ). Retrieved march 17, 2012, from dailymail: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1292606/Why-ALL-drugs-legalised-Jane-Asher.html micklethwait, B. (1994). why drugs should be legalised. why drugs should be legalised. London: Libertarian Alliance. Thorton, M. (1991, july 17). Retrieved march 18, 2012, from druglibrary: http://druglibrary.net/schaffer/alcohol/pa-157.html

Crooks Monologue Essay Example for Free

Crooks Monologue Essay I hate my life. Every day I suffer. Everyday I’m hurt. Everyday I’m discriminated against because I’m black! I just can’t take it anymore! Why do they treat me like this? I’m a human being just like they are! Just because I’m black they think they can be horrible to me and treat me like an animal. Nobody has got the rights to do that! Underneath, I’m exactly like everyone else! I have feelings – I can be happy, sad, and angry too. But no, to them I’m just a nigger. A worthless human being. Life on the ranch is so painstakingly hard and boring. Every day it’s the same cycle. I wake up, tend the horses, clean the barn and go to bed. I feel like I’m in a nightmare and can’t escape. I have nowhere to go, nowhere in on this goddamn earth to go to! Having a crippled back doesn’t help either, it’s always devastatingly painful to even lift myself out of bed! The only thing I’m looking forward to is my death, when I’ll be able to reunite with my father in heaven and live a peaceful afterlife. There’ll be no more pain, no more heartache and no more difficulties. I’ll be forever at peace. But until that day I’m gonna have to put up with hell. The worst thing about life on the ranch is the loneliness I must face every day. I wish and hope every day with all my heart for a companion. A person to share my feeling with. A person to share stories with and share laughter with. A guy needs somebody to keep him company, a guy goes nuts if he ain’t got nobody. But the most heart aching thing is that I have no family, I would do anything just to have one. I’ll never have the chance to live my American dream, to one day experience the happiness of my childhood. To have my own land, my own family and to not be discriminated against everyday cause of my colour. But all of my hopes have been shattered into a million pieces, and why? Because I’m black! I hope that one day everyone will be considered equal to each other. When everyone respects each other regardless of race, colour, gender. I hope that black people will one day break free from the chains of discrimination.

The Evaluation And Selection Construction Method Of Smart Construction Essay

The Evaluation And Selection Construction Method Of Smart Construction Essay Malaysia is a rainy season country especially from November to March it will have heavy rainfall during this period. Unfortunately our capital Kuala Lumpur (KL) is located at the valley positions which frequently happen flooding problem since according to (Sin Chew Daily 2011) started from 31 December 1970 years three quarter of the city were flooded during rainy season. The flooding problem will cause the develop of our country. The impact involved of damages the lives of human, effect the economic use of the land such as the cost of land will be low because none of the owner would like have the land which frequently faced flood problem and also the structural damage such as the maintenance cost or the repair cost. Take an example according to (Datuk IR Hj) about 445 hectares of land in the city were inundated to various depths of up to 2 meter and the cost of damage was estimated to be region of RM 36 million, it was a huge amount if the problem continue for feature. Therefore Mala ysia government have come out with a solution which is invested in a program call smart tunnel project or Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel project. According to (Siao 2003) The smart tunnel project are located nearby the confluence point of Sg.Ampang river and Sg Klang river in the north and ends at the lake at Desa Water Park .The total tunnel length is 9.7 km with a bore diameter of 13.26m. The usage of smart tunnel is to solve the problem floods in Kuala Lumpur and also reduce traffic jam along Jalan Sungai Besi and low yew at Pudu during rush hour; therefore there are two components of this tunnel, the StormWater tunnel and motorway tunnel. It is the longest multi-purpose tunnel in the world. 1.2 Background The Stormwater management and road tunnel is located at the eastern side of Kuala Lumpur in a north east-south west direction. Due to the geographical environment of Kuala Lumpur are located at the valley it will stagnant water more easily and our rivers today do not have the capacity to discharge the water to another place cause Kuala Lumpur suffered serious damages during the flash flood from years 1970 until now. Accroding to(Smart project 2012) That may the reason the government come out with a solution that is smart tunnel project, the idea of smart tunnel is to decrease the flooding problem that Kuala Lumpur is face up to each time of heavily rain by divert the water entering from the critical location which is Sg.Klang,Sg.Ampang and Sg.Gombak using a holding basin ,storage reservoir and the bypass tunnel and reduce the traffic jam during rush hours in Kuala Lumpur .(Stormwater management and road tunnel project .viewed on 19 June 2012. The Smart Tunnel project was initiated by the former Prime Minister Tun Dr. Mahatir Mohammad under the Malaysian development. This project is included of cooperation of local authorities, private sectors, and some international engineer consultant. For the government department involved in this project are the department of irrigation and drainage Malaysia and Malaysian Highway Authority. For the private sectors are MMC Berhad and GAMUDA Berhad . The site of Smart tunnel ground condition which consisting overburden (siltssand,alluvial tin deposits, mine tailings,slump zones over the karstic rockhead) and the limestone which are deep fissured erratic Rockhead with relief of >30m . Due to the complex ground condition the contractor of smart tunnel project have decide to use tunnel boring machine as tunnelling excavation method and few part by using cut and fill . 1.2 Problem statement and Research question The smart tunnel is consisting of two components 9.7 km route and 11.83 internal diameter was in part sized to provide a motorway and storm water tunnel, there was a problem from the different level of motorway due to when flood event whether the component of the road provide sufficient strength to support water load to transmit water throughout the tunnel. (Robert Wilson 06) The another problem of this study is smart tunnel located in Kuala Lumpur which consists of large amount of lime stone know as highly erratic karstic features. (siow 2006) because of the formation there are few difficulty problem during the excavation process there are included the earth retaining system for the shaft excavation , the selection of the suitable tunnel boring machine (TBM) for SMART project, the ground water inside the ground. The smart tunnel project completed at end of January 2007 and started with the operation mode of storm water tunnel but however the Malaysia government has allocated a huge amount of money for flood control project drainage system in smart tunnel project but the smart tunnel is unable to curb flood in Kuala Lumpur flood hit after a few days of downpour 40 years ago but today, the nightmare return after an hour of heavy rain .Is it because the river getting slimmer. (Sin Chew Daily 2011). According to(The Star 2012) There are few selected flooding area even the smart tunnel are operating but it did not solve the flooding problem in those area like KampungBaru,Ampang, Jalan Bangsar,Ampang Jaya, Jalan Pinang and Jalan Sultan ismail. 1.2.1Research question How the excavation method is carried out? What is the major excavation problems occurred? How the operation mode is functions? What the selection characteristics have to be considered for tunnel boring machine? 1.3 Objective To study the excavation methods of smart tunnel To analyse the major problem during excavation To ascertain the mode of operation stage for smart tunnel To compare the selected tunnel boring machine with alternative (TBM) 1.4 Scopes of study The scopes of study are as follow: Due to the smart tunnel location the study for this topic will be conducted in the area of Kuala Lumpur, and the area will be focus on those area involved flood problem there are Kampung Baru, Ampang, Jalan Bangsar, Ampang Jaya, Jalan Pinang and Jalan Sultan Ismail. Furthermore to study the excavation method that only applied in the construction of smart tunnel and also the ground soil condition of the smart tunnel. After that will be study on the selection characteristic tunnel boring machine, lastly is the 3 mode of operation of smart tunnel 1.5 Research Methodology Introduction This section usually is to presents an overview of the process and method to use in the study of the topic and the aim of this study is to collect information such as what is the excavation selected method of smart tunnel, during the excavation what are the major problem occurred, how the operation mode is functioned and the consideration of characterise during selection of tunnel boring machine. 1.5.2 Primary data source Questionnaire and Interview The research that I am conducting is a plain research, which intends to find out the information of why the flooding problem is still occurring and the consideration while selecting the construction method. I am going to collect primary data through survey method by using both questionnaires and interviews. The reason for combining both questionnaire and interview methods is to collect both quantitative and qualitative information from respondents. Besides, collecting data through the survey method is quicker and economic. .By utilizing the questionnaires and interview in this research I able to comprise both the quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The purpose of the interviews is to obtain an insight into the respondents. This methodology will enable me to acquire more complete picture of respondents understanding of the smart tunnel and processes by them to produce answers. The main idea is let the respondents to make judgments based on the question. Paper and pen will be p repared for those respondents which will be held separately at different times. For questionnaires, I will be targeting 100 respondents, which consists of the public field member from age 20-60. Second question from the quantitative paradigm statistically compares data, this technique will be show the scores in the results and enable me to answer the question from the score. 1.5.3 Secondary data source -Literature review The literature review is one of the important processes in order to get more understanding what the construction method was selected. All the review can be collected from the relevant article, newspaper, internet and the references book. Through the review it can develop more understanding on the selected construction method of smart tunnel. The way to collect article and newspaper can be from internet and the references book can be found out a t the college library. 1.7 Outline Chapter Chapter 1 Introduction This chapter is the introduction to explain the reason to develop the smart tunnel project. In this chapter, it will look penetrate deeply to the selected excavation method of smart tunnel, the comparison between selected tunnel boring machine (TBM) with alternative (TBM) and also the mode of operation for Smart Tunnel in order to achieve the aim and the objective of the topic and by suggest of the research methodology to gather the relevant information. Chapter 2 Literature review For this chapter are going to collect the important relevant information from the article, newspaper, data from internet and also reference book from college library. The following information will be list down for understanding for this topic in order to achieve the objective of this topic. This Chapter will be mark down the information as the following: The selected excavation method for smart tunnel. The major problem and the solution during the excavation. The three mode of operation of smart tunnel. The selected tunnel boring machine and alternative tunnel boring machine. Chapter 3 Research Methodology For this chapter it will explain the process of the research, which means the way of the researcher to find out more information and to collect the required data for data analysis purpose. For my method I will go to use interview and questionnaire to achieve my objective. Chapter 4 Data Analysis For this chapter, all the data gathered from the interview and questionnaire will then be analysed after conduct the interview and questionnaires to the relevant manager and the 100 responder from the public field to collected primary data. It will be presented in table and histogram form in order to make a conclusion for this topic. Chapter 5 Conclusion and Recommendation For this chapter it will base on the result obtained and write out the conclusion. Furthermore, base on the 4 chapter that was conducted out to write out the final summary for what have been studied is written. Chapter 2 Literature Review Introduction This chapter will present the general information about the excavation method of smart tunnel, the major excavation problem occurred in smart tunnel, the operation mode of the smart tunnel and the characterise between selected tunnel boring machine (TNB) and alternative TNB. Definition of excavation work Excavation consider is one of a the greatest hazardous and complex construction operations (Western Australia, 2005), excavation can divided to many type they are include of trench, deep foundation ,tunnel , shaft and also open excavation. The excavations describe as by removing the earth soil and formed a hollow or cavity earth surface. 2.2.1 The excavation method of smart tunnel The selection of excavation method of smart tunnel have consider and study by the project promoter MMC-GAMUDA joint venture and their consultants SSP in assocition with Mott MacDonald(SSP/MM) and come out with the result. According to Keizrul(2004) the choice of tunnel excavation method to have three choice there are i.e. cutcover,NATM and TBM . He point out that the cut cover method will take long time during the contraction process either selected method from bottom up or top down .On the other hand this method will be suitable for uncertain soil through the tunnelling. Furthermore according to sivalingam(2006) the meaning of cut and cover method for the smart tunnel are Lformed walls on high rock head part and secant pile walls keyed into the rock and tieback with anchors on part where the rock head drops. The rock was to be excavated by drilling and blasting as in a quarry, the walls supported by rock bolts and concrete. The same method was selected for the excavation of the shaf ts, egress ingress road trenches and of the junction boxes. Furthermore for NATM namely as New Austrian tunnelling .He have point out this method are suitable for the structure of soil to tunnel is completely understood. It will be not suitable to select this method when founded the ground condition are belong to non homogeneous material or cavity filled rock, the drill and blast. For the last excavation method point out by the Keizrul (2004) are TBM namely as Tunnel Boring Machine .The article show that the general type of TBM to pick to have three main function i.e. the open face machine for rock boring, the earth pressure balance (EPB) machine generally used for boring loose soil and the misxshield TBM for media comprising hard material interfaced with loose soil. Furthermore according to sivalingam(2006) The major excavation problem According to (Malcolm Puller, 1996) the common excavation problem will be occurred on site is the excessive deformation of the soil, soil support structure, and inadequate groundwater leaving out and not enough durability and strength of the soil support structure. Those are the major problem maybe occurred during the excavation stage. 2.3.1 The major excavation problem have occurred in smart tunnel 2.4. Operation mode of the smart tunnel The smart tunnel consisting 3 type of the operation mode, the operation mode will be based on the flood condition at the upstream of Klang River and Ampang River. (Mohd saleh santhiman Looi Hong Weei,2006,) Figure_____Tunnel operation mode Figure_____Cross section of the motorway tunnel Mode Name Description 2.4.1 Mode 1 Normal condition In this mode of condition where the motorway of tunnel are allow for the driver to access ,where there are no storm or low rainfall, does not have any flood water will be diverted into the (SMART) system 2.4.2 Mode 2 Most storms In this mode of condition where the motorway of tunnel are still allow for the driver to access and the (SMART) system will be activated, the stormwater from moderate rainfall is diverted into the bypass tunnel at the invert level(lowers segment)of the motorway tunnel. 2.4.3 Mode 3 Major Storms In this mode of condition where the motorway of tunnel will be closed to traffic. The whole tunnel will be used to mitigate the stormwater.Once the flood water level have reach a limit , in a sufficient time will be evacuate all passenger vehicles and automated water gates are activated to occupy the flood water. The anticipated duration of switching to from mode 2 to mode 3 is estimated to be about one hour. After the flood recede, the targeted duration for tunnel reopening is minimum of two days to enable for flood dewatering and cleaning. 2.5 Tunnel Boring Machine Now a days the tunnel boring machine are become popular in the construction industry while the project involved of the tunnelling process, compare with the traditional excavation method by using the tunnel boring machine the excavation process become safer, and economic for creating underground space. There is different type of the machines an example for hard ground tunnelling will be use slurry machine and rock machine, for soft ground tunnelling will be use earth pressure balance machine. (IMIA Conference Istanbul, 2009) The main function of the tunnel boring machine is to excavate tunnel with the machine and across and remove the soil component there are include variety and soil and hard rock. 2.5.1 The characterise between selected tunnel boring machine (TNB) and alternative TBM 2.5.1.1According to the (MMC-GAMUDA JV, 2009) following is the based criteria for the smart tunnel: General Geotechnical 1)The delivery time of smart tunnel must be short ,not more than one year time in order to prevent the delay of the contract program 1)The tunnel boring machine should able to process excavation under the following situation: 2) Due to the ground condition are complex the smart tunnel must be design and build to survive along the drive. 2) -The tunnel consist 70% of Limestone formation namely as marble. -The North end consist 25% of full face mine tailings -5% of the tunnel in Kenny Hill formation 3) Large, 12,25m excavation diameter 3)High groundwater table close to surface 4) )Able to negotiate tight R=200m curves; tunnel design R=250m curves 4) Extremely high permeability at open karsic solution channels 5) Low overburden: Minimum0.9D, Maximum 1.5D 5) Below of rockhead the slump zone are in the overburden 6) The tunnel should affect the environment due to the tunnel is surround the city. 6) Due to the cyclical water table changes or during earthquakes the tunnel naturally occurring sinkholes 7)Restricted access to alignment at 2/3d of the cases for ground treatment 7) Highly variable, pinnacle rockhead causing frequent mixed face condition 2.5.1.2 (TBM) Selection technical comparison points The following table are refer to (MMC-GAMUDA JV, 2009) Description Herrenknecht Hitachi Kawasaki Mitsubishi NFM General 25 14 13 6 24 Cutter head 85 53 57 33 72 Drive 65 63 50 43 62 Shield 44 30 27 21 29 Segment Handling 35 22 24 20 35 Probe drilling 10 7 7 6 12 Manlocks 17 16 8 8 24 Trailer 26 18 18 12 26 GuidanceMonitoring 44 28 31 27 42 Service 75 53 40 41 78 Slurry system 49 41 43 37 55 Total 475 345 318 254 459 Due to the higher mark and the price and delivery time is most suitable for the smart tunnel project therefore the project team have selected the Herrenknecht machine for tunnelling part. 2.5.1.3 The selected tunnel boring machine C:UsersJackyDesktoptbm.jpg Figure__ showing the cross section of the herrenknecht tunnel boring machine The characterise of the herrenknecht tunnel boring machine as following table are refer to (MMC-GAMUDA JV, 2009) 1)Cutter head diameter 13.260mm Length of shield: 10.245mm 2)Drive 4.000kW hydraulic Weight of shield: 1.500t 3) Rotation 0-3rpm Thrust cylinders: 48nos 4)Displacement thrust force:28.9KN Max.thrust 94.5KN 5)Length of machine:71m Grout line:8nos 6)Two trailer cars on haunch rails Guidance:VMT SLS-APD 7)Weight of machine: 2.500t Tailseal: 3ros,wie brushes Disc cutters:76 Nos 2.5.1.4 Special features of the Herrenknecht tunnel boring machine According to the (MMC-GAMUDA JV, 2009) there are few special feature of the herrenknecht tunnel boring machine there are include as following: The Spherical main bearing are able to negotiate tight up to minimum R200m curves By using herrenknecht tunnel boring machine the movement along the drive are easier to cutter replacement due to the cutterhead retraction up to 400m by axial displacement. Articelated tailskin to negotiate to tight curves The tunnel boring machine is able to detect the karstic features and mixed face condition by using the cutter head tilt moment indicator. Two probe drilling rigs in fixed downward looking position, mounted on the erector the rig could drill through any port in the skin.2.5.1.3 The selected tunnel boring machine Summary

An Inspector Calls - Synopsis Essay -- English Literature

An Inspector Calls - Synopsis It's a comfortable night in springtime and the Birling Family and Mr.Croft are celebrating the engagement on their daughter Sheila to Mr.Croft. Its all going so well the whole family are wallowing in their self pride. There is a knock an the door, an inspector calls. As the inspector starts to break down the party, we start to understand more to the story. The inspector tells the group that there has recently been a suicide; by a girl name Eva Smith. He explains to the group how together it was of their doings that forced this girl to commit suicide. Mr Birling, a prosperous manufacturer employed Eva Smith at his factory. While working at his factory Eva Smith started a strike asking for higher pay rise which resulted in her sack. She managed to get a new job in a shop that was very popular among the Birling family. Sheila being the stuck up child that she is was shopping in there one day when she was trying on a certain garment and believed this Eva Smith was smirking at her. She complained to the shop resulting in Eva's second sa...

Feminist Perspective of Heart of Darkness :: Feminism Feminist Women Criticism

Feminist Perspective of Heart of Darkness   In Joseph Conrad’s novel Heart of Darkness, Marlow’s view of women embodies the typical 19th century view of women as the inferior sex. There are only three relatively minor female characters in Heart of Darkness: Marlow’s aunt, Kurtz’s mistress, and Kurtz’s "Intended." Marlow mentions these female characters in order to give the literal aspect of his tale more substance. While they definitely play specific roles in the story, they do not relate with the primary theme of the story.   The primary theme focuses more on how Marlow’s journey into the heart of darkness contrasts the "white" souls of the black people and the "black" souls of the whites who exploit them, and how it led to Marlow’s self-discovery. In the beginning of Marlow’s story he tells how he, "Charlie Marlow, set the women to work--to get a job." He tells this in the context that he was so desperate to travel in the trade industry that he did what was unthinkable in those times: he asked a woman for financial assistance. The woman, his aunt, also transcended the traditional role of women in those times by telling Marlow that she would be delighted to help him and to ask her for help whenever he needed it. This incident did not have much to do with the symbolic theme of the story; it simply served to tell the reader how Marlow managed to be able to travel to the Congo. On a higher level, it was intended by Conrad to illustrate Marlow’s opinion of women’s inferior role in society, which embodied traditional 19th century society. The two other female characters are not mentioned until much later in the story, after Marlow has arrived at the Inner Station. When Marlow reaches this point in his tale, he jumps ahead and tells a little bit about The Intended, Kurtz’s fianceà © who was to marry Kurtz when he returned. The Intended woman does not appear until the very end of the novelette, in which Marlow visits her and lies to her about Kurtz’s dying words. The Intended had a more significant role in the story than Marlow’s aunt; however, her role as a whole was somewhat limited and did not affect the main theme of the story. The third female character, Kurtz’s African mistress, is briefly mentioned two times near the end of the novel. Feminist Perspective of Heart of Darkness :: Feminism Feminist Women Criticism Feminist Perspective of Heart of Darkness   In Joseph Conrad’s novel Heart of Darkness, Marlow’s view of women embodies the typical 19th century view of women as the inferior sex. There are only three relatively minor female characters in Heart of Darkness: Marlow’s aunt, Kurtz’s mistress, and Kurtz’s "Intended." Marlow mentions these female characters in order to give the literal aspect of his tale more substance. While they definitely play specific roles in the story, they do not relate with the primary theme of the story.   The primary theme focuses more on how Marlow’s journey into the heart of darkness contrasts the "white" souls of the black people and the "black" souls of the whites who exploit them, and how it led to Marlow’s self-discovery. In the beginning of Marlow’s story he tells how he, "Charlie Marlow, set the women to work--to get a job." He tells this in the context that he was so desperate to travel in the trade industry that he did what was unthinkable in those times: he asked a woman for financial assistance. The woman, his aunt, also transcended the traditional role of women in those times by telling Marlow that she would be delighted to help him and to ask her for help whenever he needed it. This incident did not have much to do with the symbolic theme of the story; it simply served to tell the reader how Marlow managed to be able to travel to the Congo. On a higher level, it was intended by Conrad to illustrate Marlow’s opinion of women’s inferior role in society, which embodied traditional 19th century society. The two other female characters are not mentioned until much later in the story, after Marlow has arrived at the Inner Station. When Marlow reaches this point in his tale, he jumps ahead and tells a little bit about The Intended, Kurtz’s fianceà © who was to marry Kurtz when he returned. The Intended woman does not appear until the very end of the novelette, in which Marlow visits her and lies to her about Kurtz’s dying words. The Intended had a more significant role in the story than Marlow’s aunt; however, her role as a whole was somewhat limited and did not affect the main theme of the story. The third female character, Kurtz’s African mistress, is briefly mentioned two times near the end of the novel.